Street gangs haven’t abandoned the neighborhoods—they’ve expanded it. Over the past 15 years, gangs have moved core activities (communication, identity-building, intimidation, recruitment, and profit-making) onto social and messaging platforms, encrypted apps, and digital payment rails. Scholars call this shift “cyberbanging”: the use of online spaces to perform status, escalate conflicts, and coordinate offline action. Phase 1 (late 2000s–mid-2010s): Going online …